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1516 - Died Spanish King Ferdinand II and V Catholic (as ruler Ferdinand II of Aragon, as Ferdinand V of Castile and Leon). His arrival on the throne of Aragon 1479th marked the beginnings of a united Spain. Isabela and became night lights in 1474. Queen of Castile, and he inherited night lights his father Juan II of Aragon and so they united night lights the two countries of which will eventually arise Spain. He founded the 1480th - Court of the Inquisition, and the 1492nd Expelled the Jews from Spain as "unfaithfuls". Fights with Moor victorious ended 1492nd proteravši them from the southern Spanish province of Granada. The same 1492nd equipped the expedition Hristifor Columbus who discovered America. night lights Since France was in 1503. wrested the kingdom of Naples (Kingdom of the two Sicily).
1579 - In the rebel province of Utrecht Netherlands - Holland, Zealand, Utrecht, Gelderlend, Friesland, Groningen and Overajsel - after the failure of all attempts at reconciliation with the Spanish authorities, signed Utrehtsku Union to fight against Spain. Provinces are the 1581st seceded night lights from Spain, and the Treaty of Westphalia 1648th were granted independence. Protestant night lights Dutchmen did not reconcile night lights themselves night lights with the policy of strictly Catholic Spain.
1744 - Died Italian philosopher and theorist istorigraf Dovana night lights Batista Viko or Ðambatista, night lights founder of the philosophy of history and a forerunner of the modern theory of aesthetics. He was born as the son of a poor bookstore. At the university in his native Naples in 1697. Fasting is a professor of rhetoric. Prior to this decade studied Plato and Tacitus, because according to his words first "to describe the ideal man, the other man as he is." Neapolitan king Charles III appointed him 1735th the royal historiographer. He argued that the superficial sense of justice night lights and instinctively to be expressed in religious forms, the later development of man becomes capable of abstract thinking and only then to the philosophical principles of law. Accordingly, shared the Roman law in the divine, heroic and human phase, and history - according to the "law of historical cycles" - watched as the roundabout and replacement of these three phases. This understanding is the basis of his philosophy of history, which was founded as a separate scientific discipline: History is created man, out of the world of nature. In contrast to the Cartesian primacy of reason, created a theory of the three main stages of the spirit: osećajnoj, the fantasy and razumskoj, where art is created in the second degree, and philosophy is an expression of pure reason. Delo: "The principles of the new science of the common nature of nations", "universal right", "Autobiography".
1783 - Born on the French writer Mari Anri Bailey, known as Stendal, pioneer of French realism, one of the creators of realism and psychological novels. As an enthusiastic supporter of the French Revolution fought against the royalists, the Jesuits (and the church in general) and wealthy citizens, criticizing bourgeois morality. Parts: the novels "Red and Black", "Parmesan Carthusian monastery", "Lisjen Leven", "Armansa" studies "Rasin and Shakespeare," "Life Hajdnov", night lights "History of painting in Italy," "Rome, Naples and Florence" .
1804 - Oborkneza in Valjevo Podgorina Bircaninova Elijah slew the dahija Fočić Mehmed Aga. On the same day he was killed night lights Valjevo prince Signed, also one of the most prominent Serbs, under the princes of the cuts that the Serbs responded the First Serbian uprising.
1806 - Died English statesman William Pitt the Younger, who was the 1783rd became the youngest prime minister in the history of Great Britain. At the time when the position of the head of government was to 1,801th than in 1804. to 1806th led the expansive colonial policy in India has strengthened British rule reformišući administration. As the sworn enemy of the French Revolution, was the main organizer of the European night lights coalition against revolutionary and Napoleonic France.
1832 - Born in a French painter Eduar Mane, one of the founders of Impressionism and the most important painters of the second half of the 19th century. night lights He began under the influence of the Spanish painter Francisco Goya and the French realists. He painted mainly in oil and from that opus allocated portraits of Emile Zola, Žorža Klemansoa, Stefan Mallarme, Marcel Proust. He was a brilliant colorist with a particular gift that evoke the atmosphere, which is particularly evident in the paintings "Breakfast on the Grass", "Un Ballo in Foli-Beržeru", "balcony", "Olympia".
1888 - Death of the French writer Martin Labis a woman, who is in comedies and farces funny caricature civil society of France in the 19th century. Part of "straw hat", "Put Mr. Perishon".
1891 - Born in the Italian revolutionary and theorist Antonio Grams, founder of the Communist Party of Italy 1921st Edited newspapers "Il grido del Popolo", "Avanti" and "Ordine Nuovo". Fascists arrested him 1926th and 19